Homeland Security Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Homeland Security - Assignment Example Foreign Intelligence Security Act (FISA) The 1978 Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) allowed agents easy access to warrants if they could show that there was a substantial â€Å"foreign intelligence† angle to their work; the warrants would be granted by a special FISA court. FISA can now be used in cases that are entirely crimial in nature, agents can get automatic â€Å"admisitrative† FISA warrants as long as agents can assert that there is some foreign intelligence angle to the cases, they receive such warrants on demand (Darmer, 2004). Prior to 9/11, FISA was not considered a law enforcement tool; its function was solely preventative. FISA surveillance powers were available only when the primary purpose of an investigation was to obtain foreign intelligence, including counterespionage and counterterrorism information. FISA authorized surveillance under flexible conditions that are considered unacceptable when the government’s objective is to gather e vidence for criminal persecution (Howard, Forest and Moore, 2006). FISA surveilleance is permitted after showing diluted suspicion not equivalent to the traditonal criminal starndard of probable cause. Surveilllance and searches can continue over extensive peiods of time, with less jusicial supervision. The person targeted normallly is never notified that he was subjected to surveillance. If that peron is prosecuted, his attorney normally cannot review the surveillance documents for prurposes of his defense, as they could if surveillance had been conducted under conventional law enforcement standards (Darmer, 2004). If the judge finds that there is probable cause that the individual is indeed a terrorism funder, then he can use the provisions as set by FISA to determine whether this calim is true or not. FISA establishes leagl procedures for electronic surveillance, physical serches as well as the use of trap and trace devices and pen registers to gather jevidence. if this evidence is collected on the activities of the suspect, then it can be used agaist him in court. this law is applicable to anyone who is involved in any way in terrorism activities. this means that anyone found guilty of terririst activities can be tried using this law regardless of whether he is a citizen of the US or not. the Lone Wolf provision of FISA also allows for the prosecution of a suspected terrorist without having to confirm the people he/she is working with. inthis case, if there is enough physical evidence to show that the suspected financier of terrorism is guilty as charged, there is no need to find the people he is working with jfor him to be sentenced. The USA PATRIOT Act This is an Act of the US Congress which became law on 26 October 2001. The letters USA PATRIOT are acronyms for Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (Bazan, 2008). This is one important piece of legislation that every judg e dealing with a terrorism case should be conversant with. the issues that are likely to come up in regards to this law are discussed below. The Patriot Act has ten titles outlining new powers of government for counterterrorist activities, expands technical support for the FBI, expands electronic intelligence gathering research, and defines presidential authority in response to terrorism. The purpose of Title II is to improve the government’s ability to gather electronic evidence. Title II allows

Summary of recent PCAOB actions that impact an audit, its auditors and Research Paper

Summary of recent PCAOB actions that impact an audit, its auditors and its audit committee - Research Paper Example Moreover, the PCAOB oversees the registration of public accounting bodies responsible for auditing publicly traded companies, conducts disciplinary proceedings and investigations of registered firms, inspects the registered firms’ practices, and approves registered firms (Carmichael 6). Recently, The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) has suggested new guidelines aimed at investors’ protection via strengthening prerequisites for audit substantiation. One of these guidelines includes inspections, which is an effort by PCAOB to promote high quality audit. Annual inspection oversees the improvement of quality audit. PCAOB requires any audit firm auditing a public company to be registered with PCAOB. Such a firm is inspected annually by the PCAOB if it audits 100 or more publicly traded companies or after every three years if it audits less than 100 public companies (Knapp 62). Results obtained after inspection help point out areas which require further practice, audit guidance, reminders training, or enhanced skills leading to better performance by audit professionals. A report is prepared after every inspection by the PCAOB and made available to public. Recently, the PCAOB added more responsibilities to the audit committee which include responsibility of overseeing the work of external auditors, compensation, and appointment (Carmichael 25). The committee is obliged by SOX to comprise of at least one person with financial expertise in order to facilitate its duties. With some expertise, the audit committee is in a better position to challenge financial statements, ascertain the appropriateness and sufficiency of internal controls, and, if need be, perform certain accounting procedures to safeguard interests of Shareholders. Companies that lack a financial expert as a member of the audit committee are required to disclose and give an explanation for this in the yearly proxy

Analysing The Effect Of Mobile Phones

Analysing The Effect Of Mobile Phones Mobile phones has always been one of the most important and great devices of all times. Martin cooper, the cell phones inventor has changed the world in both positive and negative sides in different life matters. The effect of Mobile phones has reached every single person in the universe, Professors and doctors knew that there will be a huge change in the societies after this great invention; however, they never expected that mobile phone will make a new world with a lot of new advantages but also some disadvantages. Nowadays, Mobile phones are affecting the infrastructure of this world or Students in other words in all life matters, Mobile phones became a big part of students life. As they are considered one of the society categories, you should expect that the effect of the mobile phones has played an important part in their daily life. Therefore, they need it to communicate with each other in terms of their many studies matters. Talking about how good or bad is the mobile phones r eflection on students life, health and also results can open an endless discussions, full of different ideas and thoughts, Some might say yes mobile phones has built a new wide vision for students and also their colleges and universities so everything can be done way faster and easier than before; for example, Students in old days when there was nothing called a cell phone had to write everything wrote or presented on the board ,while it is much easier and faster now with mobile phones cameras, It would not take more than five seconds to capture a clear detailed photo. Some say Wow how can people live without a Bluetooth in their cell phones!? Yes, those who think that mobile phones is a big part of students life have another strong thick point that supports their idea, photos and files can be delivered from a mobile phone to another or from a mobile phone to a pc in no time! So Students can share their notes, Lab pictures and videos easily. In addition, Mobile phones provide a grea t way of communication, which is the most important advantage you can use. Students now became closer to each other due to the amazing technology that mobile phones offer, It made things easier for students in many different study aspects, meetings are now conducted with one single SMS; also, they can reach their lecturers during their consolation hours even if the student was too busy to meet his/her lecturer. In case on emergency, Mobile phones can be very useful as they allow Students to deal with emergency cases; for example, one group member was late to an essential presentation, in this case the leader can contact him easily, or during a sport activity in the campus someone was badly injured so; thus, his friends can call the ambulance to avoid any Complications. Despite the huge amount of advantages, there has to be some disadvantages as well. Some people go against the fact that Mobile phones is a must in students life given that it has direct and indirect influences which m ay affect the students health and effort. For instance, the mobile waves can destroy our brain cells and cause disease like brain cancer. Besides, it can be addictive in a way that can drag the student not to pay attention in his class which may disturb other students in the class. Also, some students might use the phone camera in offensive matters that create tension among the students which will affect their output and productivity. In this report we are going to put a literature review which will provide this report with rich information which and that will guide us to better results. One more important section will be the findings part, which will come before the conclusion to allow the readers to know our final view after doing this report. Moreover, we are going to study the fact that mobile phones is very important for students; for that, we are going to list the results that we came out with from our questionnaire. Least but not last, we will summarize the results and outcom es attached with some recommendations to provide a better understanding for the readers, and also to cover all the advantages and disadvantages of the mobile phones to students that has been mentioned in all the report. Literature Review Mobile phones and wireless technologies are a well known part in the lives of many teachers and students in Multimedia University today. This technology has provided us with a very fast and quick access too many information and also not to forget that that with the help of these technologies we can talk to our friends by calling them or sending a text message or an Email. The world is going towards technologies and everyone is seeking towards what makes his life easier, for that reason we see people caring mobile phones, because it gives them a quick way to communicate with each other. These devices which can fits in our pockets are very powerful tools because it provides us with a variety of information sources and it enables us to communicate almost anytime and everywhere. Seeking for communication and information is the main reason why students are using mobile phones. This review provides us with the main reasons and effects of mobile phones to the students of Multimedia University. A recent study shows to what extend did mobile culture penetrate college classrooms, Fried (2008) had students complete a weekly survey, throughout a whole semester, related to the ways they used laptops and mobiles is a psychology course (n=128). The course was based on lectures with no laptop or mobile activities utilized in any organized fashion by the lecturer. About 64% of the students reported using their laptops and mobiles at least during one class period. Those who used laptops used them, on average, about half of the class period. Users reported that about 50% of the time they used the laptops it was for non-academic activities. In other words, close to 25% of the lecture time was spent by students, using their laptops to do other things then taking lecture notes. Similarly, in a large survey (n=1,162) conducted among American college students, one third of the students surveyed admitted using their laptops and cell phones playing games that were not part of the instructional activities during classes. There is a long tradition in cognitive science studies that demonstrate that human mental resources are limited and that there is a performance decrement under divided attention conditions (Roda Thomas, 2006; Gopher, 1993; Kahneman, 1973; Craik Lockhart, 1972; Posner, 1982). However, one might suggest that current students are digital natives, who are savvy and efficient multitaskers, thus their academic performance shouldnt necessarily be compromised by using laptops and mobiles during lectures. A study conducted by Hembrooke and Gay (2003) tried to address such claims. The study took advantage of a project where all students were issued laptops. Students (n=44) were randomly assigned, during a communication course class, to two experimental conditions: an open laptop vs. a closed laptop. At the end of the class students took a recognition and recall quiz. The closed laptop condition outperformed the open laptop one. Moreover, students who used their laptops to look for lecture re lated materials did not do better than their friends who used the laptops for non-academic purposes. Fried (2008) reports similar results she found a negative correlation between the amount of time students reported using their laptops during the psychology lectures throughout the semester and their final grade. Moreover, when asked, at the end of the course, what were the factors that might have interfered with their ability to learn lecture materials laptop use by fellow students was the single most reported distracter, followed by the interference caused by ones own laptop use. Hembrooke and Gays (2003) and Frieds (2008) studies suggest, therefore, that laptop multitaskers pay an academic price for their use to these technologies. The claim that laptops distract students and impair their academic performance refers to classrooms where laptop activity is not directly relevant to academic needs. Obviously, when laptop activities are pedagogically integrated into the course, for in stance, when communication between students is required in a web-based collaborative activity laptops could provide enormous advantages. Under such circumstances there is evidence that laptop and mobile activities can increase engagement, active learning and meaningful interaction among students and between them and the instructor (e.g., Driver, 2002; Barak et al., 2006; Demb et al., 2004; Gay et al. 2001). Decrease in academic performance due to off-task multitasking refers, therefore, mainly to non-structured use of laptops and mobiles during lectures. Resent study with the same interests from Holon Institute of Technology about the use of mobile appliances during lectures, Ronen Hammer (2010) Most of the students who own laptops (91%) reported that they use them during classes for activities that are not related to the lesson, while 25% said that they always do so. The distribution of the activities is presented in Table 1. It seems that instructors have a realistic and accurate perception of the activity carried out by students with the mobile devices during their lectures (Table 1). Students too believe that the instructors are usually aware of what they are doing with their computers (17% always, 77% sometimes). As to cell phones: most of the student (93%) report that their cell phones are on quiet mode 6% leave them open and less than one percent completely shut down ! This behavior might not be surprising when compared to their behavior when attending a public show (movie or theater): none would leave it open (not socially accepted) but only five percents would shut it down completely (fear of not being connected). Most students (83%) state that they try to hide their activity with the cell phone from the instructor. About half of the students (46%) state that they would answer calls that are not urgent and when doing so they leave the class (94%). Students state that they use their portable devices for other, non related activities when they are bored (portable computer 97%, cell phone 74%). Students and Instructors Views: The main paradox surfaces from the data presented in Table 2. Students and instructors views on the harmful effects of using portable computers for other activities during lessons seem to be quite similar. Nevertheless, their attitude regarding the legitimacy of such action is very different. There seems to be a clear relation between students age and their views on the issue of legitimacy of using portable devices during lectures for non-academic purposes. The correlation between views regarding legitimacy and age found for cell phones was significant (r=0.22, p=0.008) and for laptops marginal (r=0.145, p=0.058) while, as expected, both views were significantly correlated (r=0.3, p=0.004). Students opinions regarding the legitimacy of mobile devices usage during class was not found to be related to owning laptops. Another study from Health Libraries Group (2005) indicates that most mobile technology applications were occurring in the United States. At the time of the review the most prevalent mobile technologies were PDAs, laptops, WAP phones. A range of advantages and disadvantages to the technology were discovered. Mobile technologies were mainly being used for clinical rather than learning applications. The students showed a low level of awareness of the technology but placed great importance to accessing learning resources from the community. Many students embarking on a University course bring with them one or more mobile computing devices, including smart phones, PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants) and laptop or tablet computers. The software on these devices is designed primarily to support the world of office work. Typical applications include time management, communication and productivity tools. Whilst these are of some use to students, they are not designed specifically to support their activities, such as attending lectures, reading course content, revising for exams and meeting course deadlines. As these handheld computers and smart phones become more widely used there is an opportunity to harness them to benefit learning, as well as to provide appropriate institutional support for their use. In the shift from mass teaching to support of personal learning, it is also the responsibility of educators to ensure that students have the relevant skills and environments to succeed as self-directed learners. Focusing on PDAs, the study described below has investigated whether students would find a handheld computer useful for supporting their learning, and in particular whether a specially designed, integrated learning organizer would be more suitable for supporting learning than the existing set of mobile office tools, such as a digital calendar, contacts list and to-do list. A Mobile Learning Organizer has been developed at the University of Birmingham (Holme Sharples, 2002) and was evaluated as part of this study. A group of seventeen MSc students at the University of Birmingham were loaned wireless PDAs. The department in which the students were studying has wireless coverage throughout its five storey building. In addition to running standard Pocket PC applications, the PDAs provided a Mobile Learning Organizer which comprises an integrated suite of tools for Students to access course material, view their timetables, communicate via email and instant messaging and organize ideas and notes. The tools were based on the Pocket Outlook Personal Information Manager (PIM), with a custom-designed interface to present the information in a form that matches the structure of student learning. For example, the calendar was presented as a series of teaching slots corresponding to the standard University timetable. The mobile phones play as an important device in these days, since is the mobile phones is very important we choose to do a research about this topic among the Multimedia FOE students. A method section is one of the important sections in our research report it is typically describe all the action taken by the group to do this research. This section should involve all the information about our research to allow for the other researcher to replicate our study among this topic. The main purpose of the whole method section is to allow for the reader to understand what is the main point from the research and how we done with this research. Method section should describe the research participants, the materials that we used and the procedure taken by the group. Participants: Communication technology is the most important things in the world. It is playing an important role in the life of people nowadays. It can make the life easier by allow the people to communicate with anyone in the world. It allows you to communicate with your family, friends, and other. In other world it can keep you in touch with each other in the world. Mobile phone is the one of the greatest communication technology in the world. Mobile phone is an electronic device which is allows you to communicate with anyone in the world. Nowadays, mobile phone playing an important role in the life of people and people cannot live without it specially the teenager. The teenager used the mobile phone in the positive side and the negative side. However, the mobile phone is important for everyone specially the student. We have done a research on the importance of the mobile phone for the students. We have done this research to know how the mobile phone is importance for students nowadays speciall y the engineering students. Firstly, our research will be done on the faculty of engineering only in the Multimedia University. Secondly, our research will be done on 5% of the FOE student, that mean we randomly selected 200 students from the faculty of engineering from the all level no matter what is the gender of student and their nationality. Material: In this section of the report we are going to describe all the materials we were use it in our research. There will be two types of data collecting which are primary data, and secondary data. In the primary data we collect our points based on our knowledge so that can we start our research. In the secondary data we will collect the data from books and from internet websites. Moreover, we will come out with a questionnaire based on our search on books and internet. In the questionnaire we will used a general question for the mobile phones, question regard the education purpose can be used in the mobile phone and we use several questions such as yes/no question and strongly disagree to strongly agree. After we design the questionnaire paper we were try on our group member who is 8 members, then we will distributes among the FOE student. Procedure: This section is to show for the reader how the presses were. First of all, we do a meeting at the end of January 2010 to put done our idea about what is our topic for the research, after we choose a topic we started so search in the websites about any information or articles can help us in our research. At 5th February 2010 we wrote the proposal report which contains the mean information about out topic. After that, we come out with a questionnaire and distribute it among the students then we started analyze the data we got from the questionnaire. Finally, we wrote our report for the research. Results and discussion There are 96 % cannot live without mobile Im talking about myself I agree no one can live without Mobile, Because it is the means of communication between people and no one can live alone You must be in touch with friends and family. There are some people use phones in the class Takes Video camera in the lesson, even if he returned home and want to study can review Lesson Video, recorded by the existing mobile, and also can be related to the family at anytime in order to ask about their Health is possible that the student is in Problem cannot Solve it alone so It will contact a friend or family even help what would he do if it does not have the Mobile? And there are some students can not enter to the internet because they do not have a computer why do students in this problemØÅ ¸ I think they will use the phones in the entry to the internet some students love the music and not have Device mp3 or mp4 or.. so Put the music in Mobile And listen music at any time they like him And al so there at the university joint work between the students and some students How will meet your friends If you do not have the Mobile. There are 4 % Can live without a mobile are very few I think they do not have any friendship with any of the people or students And always in problem It is possible some of these Relaxes Because there is no Facing the problem of in their personal lives. There are 46.50 % agree that calls the best communication of mms and SMS and GPRS because it is faster and shorten the time and the cost is not expensive, but there is a problem if he wants to call friends or family International It is very expensive. And there are 38.50 % agree that SMS the best communication of calls and mms and GPRS because it is its very cheap and Does not differentiate between whether you are sending to the outside or inside. If you sent the message to anyone and he is busy he can read it. There are 9.50 % agree that mms the best communication of calls and SMS and GPRS because it is cant send pictures and video only in this way which is not expensive nor cheap is it normal. All these means of communication are available in the mobile phones. And there are 5.50 % agree that GPRS this Ratio is very low so this property is not available in all mobile. There are 60 % Always put Mobile on the silent in the class I think this is better because students need to Concentration To understand what the teacher say And especially mathematics and physics This material is very important or he has a test in the class . And also there are 16 % very often put Mobile on the silent in the class Possible that he might forget or this class is not very important. And also there are 16 % sometimes put Mobile on the silent in the class Possible he have meeting in the class. Also there is 8 % never put Mobile on the silent in the class Confirmation It did not give any attention to any of the class. There are 60 % Always put Mobile on the silent in the class I think this is better because students need to Concentration To understand what the teacher say And especially mathematics and physics This material is very important or he has a test in the class . And also there are 16 % very often put Mobile on the silent in the class Possible that he might forget or this class is not very important. And also there are 16 % sometimes put Mobile on the silent in the class Possible he have meeting in the class. Also there is 8% never put Mobile on the silent in the class Confirmation It did not give any attention to any of the class. There are 20 % very little Using the mobile phone to access the internet education matters Have Laptop there are 56 % little Using the mobile phone to access the internet education matters balance is not enough There are 74% normal Using the mobile phone to access the internet education matters I think poring There are 12 % above normal Using the mobile phone to access the internet education matters I think is very poring. There are 38% a lot using the mobile phone to access the internet education matters check website Attendance and grades material. There are 25 % very little using the mobile phone to access the internet social network networking net low at. . There are 12 % little using the mobile phone to access the internet social network Do not like a lot of friendship formation. There are 59 % normal using the mobile phone to access the internet social network sometimes busy. There are 61 % above normal using the mobile phone to access the internet social network Have relations hips with people. There are 43 % lot using the mobile phone to access the internet social network is not doing anything. . There are 41% very little using the mobile phone to access the internet banking do not know how to use the service. There are 62% little using the mobile phone to access the internet banking do not need this service. There are 23% normal using the mobile phone to access the internet banking Net on Mobile is weak. There are 32% above normal using the mobile phone to access the internet banking because they are footmen business. There are 32% a lot using the mobile phone to access the internet banking can transfer money from one account to account easily and Can charge card phones in a very short time. . There are 15 % very little using the mobile phone to access the internet gaming Do not like to play. There are 27% little using the mobile phone to access the internet gaming Completed the battery quickly. There are 60% normal using the mobile phone to access the internet gaming they have a lot of time. There are 26% above normal using the mobile phone to access the internet gaming Search is faster on some games. There are 72% a lot using the mobile phone to access the internet gaming Love the games at any time and have time for that much. There are 19% very little using the mobile phone to access the internet browsing Costing high enough. There are 36% little using the mobile phone to access the internet browsing Posted unavailable in all places. There are 36% normal using the mobile phone to access the internet browsing whether there nothing necessary. There are 18% above normal using the mobile phone to access the internet browsing have much free time. There are 91% a lot using th e mobile phone to access the internet browsing because the provision of time and you can browse the Internet at any times there is a network of net found. There are 49 percent agree that communicate for educational purposes daily less than 30 minutes could be in charge of a project and I want to take some information from someone. There are 32.50 percent agree that communicate for educational purposes daily 30 minutes to 1 hour If there is an issue not understand, and I want one to me. There are 18.50 percent agree that communicate for educational purposes daily more than 1 hour If there was a graduation project. There are 27percent very little use short massages as a communication method because it means tired. There are 19percent little use short massages as a communication method because it is an old means of communication. There are 27percent normal use short massages as a communication method I think their mother have a balance in the mobile. There are 11percent above normal use short massages as a communication method to learn the English language. There are 5percent very much use short massages as a communication method do not like to waste time to speak in non-beneficial. The pie chart above indicates the percentage for number of FOE student who use the mobile phones cameras for educational purposes. As the graph showing that more than half the FOE students uses their mobile phones camera for education purposes. On the other hand the percentage of the student that not using the mobile phones camera is almost half which make both percentages close. The percentage of the students that are using the camera for education is 51% because of the new high resolution cameras that comes now a day in most of mobile phones in which allows the students to photograph the whiteboard if they didnt have the time to take notes and copy them at the time that he want, however the rest also high percentage and its because some of the students may not have a camera in their mobile phones or it could be that the camera that they have is not that high to take clear photo for what they need to document. As the new technology in the mobile phone in which give the student the ability to use the internet in the mobile phones at any time we want. The pie chart above shows that most students dont access the internet throws their mobile phones, however the chart above indicates that the percentage of the internet users is not bad. The high percentage of the students who are not using the internet because the mobile phones that have the ability to connect to the world wide web and has a built-in Wi-Fi are more expansive than the ordinary mobile phones, and some students dont use it because of the small mobile screen so they prefer the PC or the laptops to access the internet. The mobile phones signal should be blocked in the class rooms to minimize the disturbs. The bar graph shows that most of the students disagree with this idea. Next the lowest percentage who are nether agree or disagree, after that there is a respective %age of the students whom agreeing with the idea. Most of the student disagrees because they may be needed by a friend is case of an emergence, and other agrees because of the disturb that the mobile phones causes in the class rooms when of the students mobile phone rings. The signal shouldnt be block all the time in the case of any emergence as most students thinks.

The Advantages of Biobutanol Over Ethanol Essay -- Fuel, Gasoline, Alte

Ethanol has recently come under fire for a variety of reasons. Ethanol uses more energy to be produced that it can yield, it drives up the cost of food crops, and it cannot be shipped efficiently (Hargreaves.) So what can be done about the problems with ethanol? Is there a better option for alternative fuel? Yes, biobutanol is the answer. Biobutanol is butanol that has been created by a biomass fermentation process that is similar to ethanol, but the resulting fuel has a few key advantages. Biobutanol is more feasible fuel source then ethanol, it can make use of existing infrastructure, and biobutanol has been proven to replace gasoline gallon for gallon. Butanol is a four-carbon alcohol that is currently used as a commercial solvent. Butanol can be made from the same biomass that produces ethanol, and is called biobutanol when it is made from such a process to distinguish the fuel produced from petroleum based butanol. Using biobutanol as a fuel is beneficial because of biobutanol’s energy content. Bioutanol is capable of producing 110,000 Btu’s per gallon. When compared to ethano...

Negotiation-Real World Reflection

â€Å"Real world† negotiation reflection Introduction As the senior manager, I finish the annual performance evaluation of my team members in January. After finishing evaluation I will hold interviews with them, talk about their efforts and the plans for this year. Lilly is one of my team members with a better knowledge of the logistics industry. Based on her performance in 2012, her annual performance is rated B+ and she can get 8% increase in year-end bonuses. In addition, I plan to promote her as a team leader responsible for the logistics software products promotion in the northern market.Since our company’s business development in 2013 will increase the input in the northern market, I expect the annual sales income in 2013 will increase by 30% under the expected market goals achieved; as a team leader, Lilly’s personal annual income will increase by 15% -20%, depends on the sales commission. But because of some family reasons, she may not be willing to trave l for a long time. Before the interview, I heard another message: Lilly was dissatisfied for her personal income being less than another team member, Han, who joined the team in the beginning of 2012.In addition, Lilly has been worked as a consultant for almost 5 years and she feels a little boring on this work. Due to marketing sales job vacancies in our company, she wants to try the position as a sales manager, in order to get a new working experience and get more time to take care of her family. Preparation Planning Document What issues are most important to you? 1. Retain Lilly as my team member. 2. Promote her as the team leader responsible for the northern market. | What issues are most important to your counterpart? 1. Dissatisfaction with her personal income. 2.Can the company provide the new challenges on the consultant job? 3. Cannot travel a lot due to family reasons. | What is your BATNA? 1. Retain Lilly as my team member without promotion since she won’t be willi ng to travel a lot. Continue working as the consultant with expected 5-8% annual income increase. The annual income will be less than now if she shifts to the sales position. 2. Change the bonus distribution, increasing the commission from 2% to 2. 5%, after promoting her as the team leader. 3. If she needs long-term business, over 1 month, she can go home once a weekend every two weeks or get extra 2 days’ vacation.Reservation Value? 1. Increase the commission from 2% to 3%, after promoting her as the team leader. 2. Increase annual vacation time from 10 days to 20 days. Target? Promote her as the team leader responsible for the northern market. | What is your counterpart’s BATNA? 1. Shift to the sales position which may provide challenge work. 2. Keep the consultant position, ask for a better salary. 3. Accept the promotion and get a much higher annual income. Reservation Value? 1. Make her annual income increasing 10% or more. 2. Try something new. 3. Stay in the ci ty and take care of her family.Target? To find a new work with both satisfaction payment and more time to take care of her family. | What are your sources of power? Right to promotion. Provide the new challenges on the consultant job. Provide appropriate holiday adjustment. Right to bonus distribution. | What are your counterpart’s sources of power? Shift to the sales position. Ask for a higher salary or business allowance. Ask for more vacation time. | What is your opening move / first strategy? Talk about her annual performance, and tell her the coming promotion. Compare the annual income before and after promotion.Attract her by the challenge as a team leader. | Other important or unique information / considerations:How long is the travel time she can accept? Her family situation;Is there anything I can do for her or give her some suggestions? | Negotiation Since we now live in different cities, I decided to use the video call interview. Different with telephone conversati on, video call can help me to adjust my negotiating strategy by observing the changes in her face. I started with telling her the purpose for this conversation. Talked about the things the company measures for her position; her contribution to revenue or costs.Based on her performance in 2012, her annual performance is rated B+ and she can get 8% increase in her year-end bonuses. Then, I went to the promotion issue. I analyzed the marketing strategy of our company; the northern market should be one of the most important markets in 2013. Therefore, I need to promote a team leader who can manage the consultant team for northern market. Based on her excellent consultant skill and knowledge of the logistics industry, she is the best man for this position. Lilly showed her satisfaction with the result of annual performance evaluation and was pleased with the chance to be a team leader.But she said she wanted to change to sales department in order to have more time to take care of her fam ily. Since I know that it could not easy to get more time if being a sales manager, I didn’t consider it as the real reason for her shift. Through conversation, I learned that the real reason was her personal annual income was less than Han, which made her feel uncomfortable. I thought I should focus on the income first. Firstly, shifting to sales department was not a good choice since the income will decrease. Continue working as the consultant with expected 5-8% annual income increase.Secondly, I explained that she and Han held different position, their income can’t be compared. Although I cannot tell the specific income data, I consider their income is close. Moreover, if she got the promotion, her annual income should be increased to a higher level. After that, I explained the details of the promotion: the sales commission will be increased from 2% to 2. 5%, after promoting her as the team leader, which means her personal annual income will increase by 15% -20%. Li lly was attracted by the condition, but she still worried about the challenge she will face to and how to deal with the family issues.I told her I can support her work which she didn’t need to be worried about. For family issues, there are two choices: one is getting extra 2 days’ vacation after a 1 month long-term business trip; another is increasing annual vacation time from 10 days to 20 days. She agreed with the latter one at last. Before we ended the conversation, Lilly said she will talk with the coming change with her families, in order to get their support. I think she will convince her families and take the position. Conclusion The result of the negotiation is successful.I do a pretty good preparation work by determine my bottom line and BATNA in time and good strategy can give me the chance to handle the negotiation follow my own idea. Mutual trust is very important in this negotiation process. Because the real reason for her shift was her personal annual inc ome was less than Han, which made her feel uncomfortable. I can’t deny the fact because I need to build the mutual trust. But I can change the way to discuss the income issue and courage her to keep the position. I found out the solution and I got my target at last.

Ethics and Behaviour in War-related Activity Essay

The use of military force, whether within a country or against a foreign target, is guided by two prominent principles. Jus ad bellum (right toward war) helps in determining whether the situation justifies a military response or whether there exist non-violent alternatives. Jus in bello governs the execution of military operations at whose heart are discrimination and proportionality. Military attacks should be aimed at the right targets and civilian deaths should be avoided as much as possible. The weapons or force used in the attack should also be proportionate to the threat, so that it would be unethical to destroy a whole city if the aim was to eliminate a dozen terrorists hiding in one building (Cook, 2001). Many wars, and particularly the ongoing ‘War Against Terror’ have seriously challenged the principles of warfare, forcing the U. S. troops to use what has been described as excessive force against suspected enemy combatants and many civilians. This paper sheds light on conditions which justify such behaviour in war. Justification for aggressive behaviour in the War Against Terror Acts of terrorism are perpetrated by individuals or groups who hold hard-line ethnic, cultural, or religious positions, and who obey no national or international war agreements or principles. Terrorists largely target civilians and civilian structures with the aim of causing indiscriminate harm and violence. Combat troops participating in the war against anti-US hardliners in Iraq and Afghanistan have been accused of flouting ethics of war for engaging in activities which have been regarded as too aggressive and unethical. It is important to note that members of terrorist cells or groups are not state agents and are mostly non-uniformed, making it difficult to distinguish them from civilians. In order to enjoy the protection ideally accorded to civilians, the combatants hide among civilians. When U. S. troops capture a suspect, they are forced to use force to get information from the suspect as they have no other way of telling whether the suspect is actually a terrorist or not. In societies where combatants or terrorists hide among civilians and hurt the same civilians, and others elsewhere, use of force is justified â€Å"primarily to remove dangerous people from society (domestic or international)†¦and to send a message to other potential criminals that such behavior will not be tolerated† (Litchenberg, 2001). The aim of the war on terror is not much to apprehend and try perpetrators in law courts as to directly eliminate as many terrorists as possible (Cook, 2001). The fact that there have not been any other major terrorist attacks in the U. S. since 2001 suggests that the country has made some achievements in deterring such attacks, thereby justifying the means used. Terrorist operations are funded from many sources, among them legitimate governments. While many of the sponsoring organizations are known, there exists the serious difficulty of proving in a court of law that these individuals, groups and governments actually fund and harbour terrorists. When such suspects are captured, military topguns appreciate the difficulty of proving the association between such people and terrorists in a court of law yet know that releasing the suspects allows them to support more terrorist activities in future. Such situations necessitate the indefinite incarceration of suspects in such places as the Abu Ghraib and the Guantanamo Bay where the military, and not the US law reigns supreme. Although such confinement may be deemed unethical, it justifies the end of ensuring that the suspects are not released to sponsor more crimes against innocent civilians. Conclusion. The U. S. campaign against terrorists in Afghanistan and Iraq has been unlike many wars before. The U. S. and her allies are engaged, not in retaliatory military action but in pre-emptive military crusade. The circumstances surrounding the war have driven the combat troops to take actions which have been regarded as unethical. However, careful analysis of the situation in the two countries, and the behaviour and operations of the terrorists reveals that the troops have no option but to take the same actions if they hope to win the war against terrorists. That terrorists follow no ethical codes strengthens the argument for such behaviour among the anti-terrorist troops. References Cook, M. (2001). Ethical Issues in Counterterrorism Warfare. US Army War College. Retrieved March 26, 2010, from http://ethics. sandiego. edu/Resources/PhilForum/Terrorism/Cook. html Litchenberg, J. (2001). The Ethics of Retaliation. Philosophy & Public Policy Quarterly, Vol. 21, No. 4: pp 4-8.